Additional Reading

Berinsky, A. J. 1999. The two faces of public opinion. American Journal of Political Science 43:1209-30.

———. 2002. Silent voices: Social welfare policy opinions and political equality in America. American Journal of Political Science 46:276-87.

Bishop, G. F., R. W. Oldendick, A. J. Tuchfarber, and S. E. Bennett. 1980. Pseudo-opinions on public affairs. Public Opinion Quarterly 44:198-209.

Bishop, G. F., A. J. Tuchfarber, and R. W. Oldendick. 1986. Opinions on fictitious issues: The pressure to answer survey questions. Public Opinion Quarterly 50:240-50.

Borgers, N., and J. Hox. 2001. Item non-response in questionnaire research with children. Journal of Official Statistics 17:321-35.

Bradburn, N. M., S. Sudman, and associates. 1981. Improving interview method and questionnaire design. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Converse, J. M. 1976. Predicting no opinion in the polls. Public Opinion Quarterly 40:515-30.

Coombs, C. H., and L. C. Coombs. 1975. “Don’t Know”: Item ambiguity or respondent uncertainty? Public Opinion Quarterly 40:497-514.

Das, A., and J. Deshmukh. 1997. What we know about the “Don’t Knows” (and what we know about what to do with them). WAPOR Newsletter, 12-13.

Ehrlich, H. J. 1964. Instrument error and the study of prejudice. Social Forces 43:197-206.

Faulkenberry, G. D., and R. Mason. 1978. Characteristics of nonopinion and no opinion response groups. Public Opinion Quarterly 42:533-43.

Feick, L. F. 1989. Latent class analysis of survey questions that include don’t know responses. Public Opinion Quarterly 53:525-47.

Gilljam, M., and D. Granberg. 1993. Should we take “Don’t Know” for an answer? Public Opinion Quarterly 57:348-57.

Glynn, C. J., and E. Park. 1997. Reference groups, opinion intensity, and public opinion expression. International Journal of Public opinion Research 9:213-32.

Hawkins, D., and K. Coney. 1981. Uninformed response error in survey research. Journal of Marketing Research 18 (3): 370-74.

Hippler, H., and N. Schwarz. 1986. Not forbidding isn’t allowing: The cognitive basis of the forbid-allow asymmetry. Public Opinion Quarterly 50:87-96.

Klopfer, F. J., and T. M. Madden. 1980. The middlemost choice on attitude items: Ambivalence, neutrality or uncertainty? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 6:91–101.

Krosnick, J. A., and L. R. Fabrigar. Forthcoming. Questionnaire design for attitude measurement in social and psychological research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

McClendon, M. J. 1986. Unanticipated effects of no opinion filters on attitudes and attitude strength. Sociological Perspectives 29:379-95.

McClendon, M. J., and D. F. Alwin. 1993. No-opinion filters and attitude measurement reliability. Sociological Methods and Research 21:438-64.

Morin, R. 1995. What informed public opinion? A survey trick points out the hazards facing those who take the nation’s pulse. Washington Post National Weekly Edition, April 10-16, e36.

Pickery, J., and G. Loosveldt. 1998. The impact of respondent and interviewer characteristics on the number of “no opinion” answers. Quality and Quantity 32:31-45.

Ready, R. C., Whitehead, J. C., and G. C. Blomquist. 1995. Contingent valuation when respondents are ambivalent. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 21:181-96.

Schuman, H., and S. Presser. 1981. Questions and answers in attitude surveys: Experiments on question form, wording, and context. New York: Academic Press.

Singer E., M. R. Frankel, and M. B. Glassman. 1983. The effect of interviewer characteristics and expectations on response. Public Opinion Quarterly 47:84-95.

Visser, P. S., J. A., Krosnick, J. Marquette, and M. Curtin. 2000. Improving election forecasting: Allocation of undecided respondents, identification of likely voters, and response order effects. In Election Polls, the News Media, and Democracy, ed. P. Lavrakas and M. Traugott. New York, NY: Chatham House.