Additional reading

Converse, Philip E. 1964. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In David E. Apter, Ideology and Discontent. New York: Free Press. Converse's analysis provides the classic treatment of open responses for addressing the way in which voters think about their decision.

Schuman, Howard, and Jacqueline Scott. 1987. Problems in the use of survey questions to measure public opinion. Science 236 (May 22): 957-59.